Process diagram — How instant coffee is produced
📄 Bài mẫu band 8–9
| Introduction | Paraphrase: sơ đồ cho biết các công đoạn chính để sản xuất cà phê hoà tan, từ thu hoạch tới đóng gói. |
| Overview | Overall: quy trình gồm tám bước tuyến tính, chia làm hai nửa — xử lý hạt (thu hoạch → xay) và chế biến thành bột hoà tan (pha → đóng gói). |
| Body 1 | Bốn bước đầu: hái quả chín bằng tay, tách vỏ lấy hạt xanh, phơi nắng cho khô, rang ở nhiệt độ cao. |
| Body 2 | Bốn bước sau: xay thô, pha bằng nước nóng thành dịch đặc, đông lạnh rồi rút hơi nước, cuối cùng đóng lọ dán nhãn. |
The diagram illustrates the eight stages by which coffee cherries are turned into the instant coffee sold in shops.
Overall, the process is entirely linear, with no stage repeated, and falls into two broad phases: the beans are first prepared and roasted, and the resulting powder is then brewed and dried into granules.
To begin with, ripe red cherries are picked by hand from the bushes. These are passed through a pulping machine, where the outer fruit is stripped away to expose the green beans inside. The beans are then spread out in the open air until the moisture has evaporated, after which they are roasted at high temperature and turn dark brown.
In the second phase, the roasted beans are ground into a coarse powder and hot water is forced through it to produce a strong liquid concentrate. This concentrate is frozen solid, and the ice is drawn off as vapour, leaving dry granules behind. At the final stage, the granules are sealed into jars and labelled, ready for sale.
| entirely linear | hoàn toàn tuyến tính |
| falls into two broad phases | chia thành hai giai đoạn lớn |
| picked by hand | hái bằng tay |
| to expose the green beans inside | để lộ hạt xanh bên trong |
| until the moisture has evaporated | cho tới khi hơi ẩm bay hết |
| turn dark brown | chuyển sang màu nâu sẫm |
| forced through | được ép qua |
| drawn off as vapour | được rút đi dưới dạng hơi |
| At the final stage | Ở công đoạn cuối |